Expected Frequency (for chi-squared)

Expected frequency for chi-square calculates the expected frequency for any cell when doing a chi-square test for independence.  The chi-square test for independence, `x^2 = Σ(((fo – fe)^2) / (fe))`, helps to determine whether two nominal variables have a relationship.   Each cell represents the frequency of a possible combination of levels on the two variables being examined.  fo is the observed frequency for each cell.  This calculator gives fe when the row frequency, column frequecy, and sample size are entered for a particular cell.  The chi-square test for independence compares the observed and expected frequencies in all cells within a sample in order to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables in the population from which the sample was drawn  (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2013).