Consumer Surplus (CS) is a monetary measure of extra pleasure and welfare gained from consumers purchase of a quantity of goods, beyond that of the price of which they were willing to pay for good. More simply, it is the difference between the maximum amount consumer would be willing to pay for a certain quantity of goods and their total expenditure, or the total of how much the consumer paid as a whole for the goods

The Perfect Complements Cost Minimizing Inputs calculator computes the Perfect Complements cost minimizing factors.  INSTRUCTION: Choose units and enter the following: (α)  Production Exponent of Labor (β)  Production Exponent of Capital (w)  Per unit cost of labor (r)  Per unit cost of capital (q)  Quantity to be produced. 

Excess supply is when the market quantity supplied of a good by producers is higher than that of which is demanded by consumers, this occurs as a result a good's current price exceeding that of the market equilibrium.

The four firm concentration ratio (C₄) is a measure of the total output produced by the four biggest firms in a particular industry.  The concentration ratio is an indication of the extent to which an industry's market is controlled by only a small number of firms. Industries with high concentrations are said to be oligopolistic.