Cardiac efficiency is the proportion of energy used by the heart to the energy used to perform the work. This measurement is analogous to the assessment that might be made of an engine, where the rating is based on the amount of work it is able to do given a certain amount of resources or energy. The energy used  by the heart is usually assessed based on the total work performed by both ventricles, converted from Joules into calories. The metabolic energy consumption of the heart is determined based on its oxygen consumption, and the standard ratio of oxygen to energy consumed by the mitochondria, called the respiratory quotient, which is essentially the efficiency of the mitochondria in cardiac cells to convert oxygen into usable energy [1].

The Cardiac Output with Stroke Volume calculator computes the volume rate of blood pumped by the heart in one minute based on the beats per minute and the stroke volume. 

This equation computes the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway.  This speed is known as the Conduction Velocity.

[Physiology | Cardiology | Heart Health] Developed by Henry Darcy, Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of fluid the a porous object.  See notes for more information on the application of Darcy's Law to Physiology.

This equation calculates the definite integral for the expression f(x) = `1/sqrt(c^2 - x^2)`. It returns an answer expressed in units of radians.