This equation calculates `alpha` (using `theta_i`, `n_1`, and `n_2`), used in calculating the amplitudes of EM waves striking an interface.  For more information and context on this equation, please see the EM waves at the interface of two insulators.

This equation calculates `alpha`(using `theta_i` and `theta_t`), used in calculating the amplitudes of EM waves striking an interface.  For more information and context on this equation, please see the EM waves at the interface of two insulators.

This equation calculates `alpha` (using `mu_1`, `mu_2`, `n_1`, and `n_2`), used in calculating the amplitudes of EM waves striking an interface.  For more information and context on this equation, please see the EM waves at the interface of two insulators.

This equation calculates `alpha`(using `mu_1`, `mu_2`, `v_1`, and `v_2`), used in calculating the amplitudes of EM waves striking an interface.  For more information and context on this equation, please see the EM waves at the interface of two insulators.

This equation describes the "skin depth"¹ (`d`) of an electromagnetic wave in a conducting medium.   The "skin depth" is how far the wave can travel before the amplitude of its electric field is reduced by a factor of `1/e`

1. ^ Griffiths, David J. "Electromagnetic Waves in Matter." Introduction to Electrodynamics. 4th ed. N.p.: Prentice Hall, 2013. 413. Print.

This equation describes the real portion (`k`) of the complex wavenumber¹ (`tilde k`) of an electromagnetic wave in a conducting medium.  `k` is a spatial angular frequency, normally given the units of rad/m.  vCalc doesn't currently have any other unit options for angular spatial frequency, but feel free to request them using the "contact us" button at the bottom.

1. ^ Griffiths, David J. "Electromagnetic Waves in Matter." Introduction to Electrodynamics. 4th ed. N.p.: Prentice Hall, 2013. 413. Print.

This equation describes the imaginary portion (`kappa`) of the complex wavenumber¹ (`tilde k`) of an electromagnetic wave in a conducting medium.  `kappa` is a spatial angular frequency, normally given the units of rad/m.  vCalc doesn't currently have any other unit options for angular spatial frequency, but feel free to request them using the "contact us" button at the bottom.

1. ^ Griffiths, David J. "Electromagnetic Waves in Matter." Introduction to Electrodynamics. 4th ed. N.p.: Prentice Hall, 2013. 413. Print.

This equations solves for the parallel component of the reflected amplitude at an interface of insulating media. 

This equations solves for the perpendicular component of the reflected amplitude at an interface of insulating media. 

This equations solves for the parallel component of the transmitted amplitude at an interface of insulating media.