Category: Physics

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Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter matter and energy and the way they act on each other in heat, light, electricity, and sound. Broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined.

Specialized topics in physics include: classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.

vCalc's Physics library contains equations concerned with the study of matter, motion, time and related concepts such as energy and force.

The featured Physics and Engineering Calculators:

Simple Machine Calculator: 10 functions on levers, pulley and gear systems.
Light and Matter Online Physics Textbook: 36 chapters containing a complete introduction to physics textbook.
Ohm's Law Calculator: 12 functions to compute power, potential (voltage), resistance and current.
Astronomy Calculator: 31 functions covering Kepler's 3rd Law, the Small Angle Formula, Flux and Magnitude formulas, Telescope formulas, Mass formulas, Relative Size formulas, Wavelength formulas, Luminosity formulas and others.
Angles of Reflection and Refraction Calculator: 6 functions reflection, refraction and critical angle.
Hess' Law Calculator: computes the sum of enthalpy reactions in a series.

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Physics Calculators and Collections

Physics Equations

Absolute Pressure (Barometer Approximation, Any Gravity) Billy Use Equation
Acceleration in SHM Billy Use Equation
Acceptance Angle in Optical FIber EmilyB Use Equation
Age of Universe (estimated) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Amplitude of a Wave WilliamC Use Equation
Angle of Banking WilliamC Use Equation
Angle of Incidence - Snell's Law TylerJones Use Equation
Angle of Transmission - Snell's Law TylerJones Use Equation
Angle of Vector (Using magnitude and X component) Billy Use Equation
Angle of Vector (Using magnitude and Y component) Billy Use Equation
Angle of Vector (Using X component and Y component) Billy Use Equation
Angle of Velocity Vector Billy Use Equation
Angular Acceleration (With Delta Omega) Billy Use Equation
Angular Acceleration (With Omega 1 & 2) Billy Use Equation
Angular Frequency Billy Use Equation
Angular Frequency Angular SHM Billy Use Equation
Angular Frequency of Physical Pendulum Billy Use Equation
Angular Frequency of Sinusoidal Wave Billy Use Equation
Angular Magnification vCollections Use Equation
Angular Speed (Simple Harmonic Motion) Billy Use Equation
Angular Speed to Linear Speed Billy Use Equation
Angular Velocity (Constant Acceleration) Billy Use Equation
Angular Velocity (Constant Angular Acceleration) Billy Use Equation
Angular Velocity (No External Torque) Billy Use Equation
Angular Velocity Magnitude EdwardOmbui Use Equation
Arc Length (Solved for r) Billy Use Equation
Arc Length (Solved for s) Billy Use Equation
Archimedes Principle EmilyB Use Equation
Atmospheric Dispersion Steady State Concentration MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Atmospheric Loss (Radar) TylerJones Use Equation
Attenuation `alpha` - Sallen-Key Filter MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Average Angular Velocity Billy Use Equation
Average Angular Velocity (With Omega) Billy Use Equation
Average Angular Velocity (With Theta) Billy Use Equation
Average Power (Radar) TylerJones Use Equation
Average Power (using Force, Displacement, Time) Billy Use Equation
Average velocity (using initial velocity and final velocity) Billy Use Equation
Average velocity (using initial velocity, acceleration, time) Billy Use Equation
Average velocity (using position and time) Billy Use Equation
Ballistic Flight Parabolic Equation KurtHeckman Use Equation
Ballistic Initial Horizontal Velocity Component AndrewBudd Use Equation
Bernoulli Equation (Velocity) DavidC Use Equation
Bernoulli's Equation (Solved for p_1) Billy Use Equation
Bernoulli's Equation (Solved for p_1, Any Gravity) Billy Use Equation
Bernoulli's Equation (Solved for v_1) Billy Use Equation
Bernoulli's Equation (Solved for v_1, Any Gravity) Billy Use Equation
Bernoulli's Equation (Solved for y_1) Billy Use Equation
Bernoulli's Equation (Solved for y_1, Any Gravity) Billy Use Equation
Bike Speed from Power ChuckA Use Equation
Brinell Hardness Number EmilyB Use Equation
Bulk (volume) Strain MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Bulk Modulus Billy Use Equation
Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitance of an Isolated Spherical Shell TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitance of Two Concentric Spherical Shells TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitor q = CV (solved for capacitance) TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitor q = CV (solved for voltage) TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitors in Parallel TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitors in Parallel Sandra Use Equation
Capacitors in Series TylerJones Use Equation
Capacitors in Series Sandra Use Equation
Change in Angular Displacement Billy Use Equation
Change in Gravitational Potential Energy Billy Use Equation
Change in Pressure KurtHeckman Use Equation
Change in Pressure Billy Use Equation
Change in Pressure (any gravity) Billy Use Equation
Change Length due to Strain MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Charles Law (Final Volume) DavidC Use Equation
Charles Law (Initial temperature) DavidC Use Equation
Circular Orbit Period Billy Use Equation
Circular Orbit Period Using Only Radius Billy Use Equation
Coefficient of Finesse EmilyB Use Equation
collins photography calculator 19s01acs020 Use Equation
Combined Gas Law (k) DavidC Use Equation
Compton Scattering Formula vCollections Use Equation
Conservation of Energy (Gravity and Kinetic Energy); Solved for Billy Use Equation
Conservation of Energy (Gravity and Kinetic); Solved for Gravity Billy Use Equation
Conveying Capacity TeddyCamelus Use Equation
Conveyor Mass Capacity MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Coulomb's law ekskekel Use Equation
Coulombs Law DavidC Use Equation
Critical Angle TylerJones Use Equation
Cumulative Charge vCollections Use Equation
Curvature of Wave Billy Use Equation
Cyclotron resonance frequency EdwardOmbui Use Equation
De Broglie Equation ekskekel Use Equation
DeBroglie wavelength (relativistic) KurtHeckman Use Equation
Declination of Sun MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Deformation Due to Temperature MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Density of Air-free Water MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity) TylerJones Use Equation
Dielectric Constant Lookup TylerJones Use Equation
Diffraction Grating EmilyB Use Equation
Dipole Moment Carol Use Equation
Discrete Voltage (Analog to Digital) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Displacement of Moving Sinusoidal Wave (f) Billy Use Equation
Displacement of Moving Sinusoidal Wave (f, -x direction) Billy Use Equation
Displacement of Moving Sinusoidal Wave (k) Billy Use Equation
Displacement of Moving Sinusoidal Wave (k, -x direction) Billy Use Equation
Displacement of Moving Sinusoidal Wave (period) Billy Use Equation
Displacement SHM Billy Use Equation
Displacement with Drag Billy Use Equation
Distance to Overtake KurtHeckman Use Equation
Distance to Point On Ring Of Sphere MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Doppler effect Carol Use Equation
Doppler effect for light vCollections Use Equation
Earth Gravity Angular Rotation Rate KurtHeckman Use Equation
Earth Gravity Equivalent Rotation Velocity KurtHeckman Use Equation
Efficiency of a heat engine Juliet Use Equation
elastic factor k with units MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Elastic Longitudinal Deformation MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Elastic Work Billy Use Equation
Electric Field for a uniform line of charge vCollections Use Equation
Elevation of Object (angles and separation) KurtHeckman Use Equation
Endurance Limit - Steel MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER TeddyCamelus Use Equation
Energy of Atom vCollections Use Equation
Entropy Anastase Use Equation
Expansion Due to Temperature (with Material Lookup) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
F-stop MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Fermi Energy One Dimensional Square Well Anastase Use Equation
Final Velocity Squared MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Focal Angle vCollections Use Equation
Focal Length WilliamC Use Equation
Force KurtHeckman Use Equation
Force due to Pressure Billy Use Equation
Force Magnitude (from components) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Force Vector Addition KurtHeckman Use Equation
Force Vector Addition (angle) KurtHeckman Use Equation
Frequency Billy Use Equation
Frequency Angular SHM Billy Use Equation
Frequency SHM (Using m and k) Billy Use Equation
Frequency SHM (Using Omega) Billy Use Equation
Full-Angular Width TylerJones Use Equation
Gauge Factor MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Gaussian Beam Half-Width TylerJones Use Equation
Gaussian Beam Waist `w_0` TylerJones Use Equation
Gay-Lussac Law (initial pressure) DavidC Use Equation
Gay-Lussac Law (initial temperature) DavidC Use Equation
Gravitational Potential Energy Billy Use Equation
Gravitational Potential Energy (Using Constants) Billy Use Equation
Gravitational Potential Energy K1 Billy Use Equation
Gravitational Potential Energy U_grav, 1 Billy Use Equation
Gravitational Potential Energy v_1 Billy Use Equation
Gravitational Potential Energy y1 Billy Use Equation
Harmonic Oscillator - Acceleration MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Heat Exchange Area KurtHeckman Use Equation
Heat Transfer KurtHeckman Use Equation
Heat Transfer Coefficient Carol Use Equation
Heat Transfer LMTD KurtHeckman Use Equation
Hooke's Law Billy Use Equation
Ideal Efficiency (Carnot Engine) Juliet Use Equation
Ideal gas law (molar form) DavidC Use Equation
Ideal gas law (volume) DavidC Use Equation
Impulse (`Delta vecv`) KurtHeckman Use Equation
Index of Refraction of a Lens TylerJones Use Equation
Index of Refraction of a Material Surrounding a Lens TylerJones Use Equation
Inelastic Collision, B at Rest Billy Use Equation
Inherent Viscosity MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Inherent Viscosity[m_i,V, eta, et_r] MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Initial Displacement SHM Billy Use Equation
Initial Velocity in SHM Billy Use Equation
Intensity of Electromagnetic Radiation TeddyCamelus Use Equation
Inverse-Square Law Caroline4 Use Equation
Kinematic Viscosity DavidC Use Equation
Kinetic Energy of a Rotating & Translating Body Billy Use Equation
Kinetic Engergy [`rho`] KurtHeckman Use Equation
La Ley de Coulomb StMaryStudent Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (E,G) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (E,`nu`) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (G,M) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (G,`nu`) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (K,E) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (K,G) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Lame's First Parameter (K,ν) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Laplace's Law(Sphere) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Law of Reflection TylerJones Use Equation
Length Contraction Carol Use Equation
Lens Maker's Equation (solved for `f`) TylerJones Use Equation
Linear displacement (constant acceleration) Billy Use Equation
Magnetic dipole moment of a square current loop vCollections Use Equation
Magnetic Field (long, straight wire) vCollections Use Equation
Magnetic Force acting on a charge Carol Use Equation
Magnification vCollections Use Equation
Magnitude of Angular Momentum (Using l) Billy Use Equation
Magnitude of Angular Momentum (Using Sin) Billy Use Equation
Magnitude of Charge TylerJones Use Equation
Magnitude of cross product of two vectors Billy Use Equation
Magnitude of the Acceleration Vector Billy Use Equation
Magnitude of Vector (xy Axis) Billy Use Equation
Malus' Law EmilyB Use Equation
Mass Flow Rate Unit Conversion MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Max NASCAR Speed on a Track's Curve MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Maximum Velocity SHM (Using k and m) Billy Use Equation
Maximum Velocity SHM (Using Omega) Billy Use Equation
Mean Density from Specific Gravity KurtHeckman Use Equation
Modulus of Elasticity MichaelBartmess Use Equation
MoI - cylinder about x-axis MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Molecular Kinetic Energy ekskekel Use Equation
Momentum of a Beam of Light vCollections Use Equation
Momentum of a photon (`f`) vCollections Use Equation
Momentum of a photon (`lambda`) vCollections Use Equation
NASCAR Track Lookup MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Net Change in Kinetic Energy of Fluid Billy Use Equation
Net Change in Potential Energy of a Fluid Billy Use Equation
Net Change in Potential Energy of a Fluid (any gravity) Billy Use Equation
Net Force from Change in Velocity and Displacement Billy Use Equation
Net Force Ratio (Solved for Acceleration) Billy Use Equation
Net Force Ratio (Solved for Mass) Billy Use Equation
Net Work Done by Fluid Billy Use Equation
Newton's Third Law of Motion Billy Use Equation
Normal Force Carol Use Equation
Nuclear Binding Energy ekskekel Use Equation
Nusselt Number MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Only Elastic Force k Billy Use Equation
Only Elastic Force U_el,1 Billy Use Equation
Only Elastic Force v_1 Billy Use Equation
Only Elastic Force x_1 Billy Use Equation
Original Length from Strain MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Parabola MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Parallel-Axis Theorem Billy Use Equation
Percent Change in Area MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Percent Change in Flow KurtHeckman Use Equation
Percent Change in Length KurtHeckman Use Equation
Percent Change in Volume KurtHeckman Use Equation
Percentage Elongation MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Period Billy Use Equation
Period of a Physical Pendulum Billy Use Equation
Period of Mass-Spring System TylerJones Use Equation
Period SHM (Using m and k) Billy Use Equation
Period SHM (Using Omega) Billy Use Equation
Phase Billy Use Equation
Phase retardation in birefringent material EmilyB Use Equation
Photoacoustic Doppler Effect EmilyB Use Equation
Pipe Temperature Expansion TeddyCamelus Use Equation
Poiseuille's equation for compressible fluids EmilyB Use Equation
Potential Energy of a Spring KurtHeckman Use Equation
Power Billy Use Equation
Power (Force and Velocity) Billy Use Equation
Prandtl Number MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Prandtl Number (specific heat) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Precession Angular Speed (Using Tau and L) Billy Use Equation
Precession Angular Speed (Using w, r, I, omega) Billy Use Equation
Pressure Difference in Liquid Billy Use Equation
Pressure Difference in Liquid (Any Gravity) Billy Use Equation
Pressure with Uniform Density Billy Use Equation
Pressure with Uniform Density (with y2 and y1) Billy Use Equation
Pressure with Uniform Density (with y2 and y1, any gravity) Billy Use Equation
Q Factor (R&C) - Sallen-Key Filter MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Q Factor(`omega_0`, `alpha`) - Sallen-Key filter MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Radial Force of Gravity Billy Use Equation
Radiation Heat Transfer TeddyCamelus Use Equation
Radius of Curvature of a Lens away from Light Source TylerJones Use Equation
Radius of Curvature of a Lens toward Light Source TylerJones Use Equation
Range to Base KurtHeckman Use Equation
Rate of the Area Swept Billy Use Equation
Rayleigh Range TylerJones Use Equation
Receiver Antenna Effective Area TylerJones Use Equation
Recoil velocity of a gun AndrewBudd Use Equation
Reduction in Area KurtHeckman Use Equation
Relative Position Billy Use Equation
Relative Velocity Along a Line Billy Use Equation
Relative Velocity in Two Frames Billy Use Equation
Resistance Choice based on Q, `R_2, C_1, C_2` MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Rocket Velocity Billy Use Equation
Rotational Kinetic Energy Billy Use Equation
Rotational Speed at Latitude MichaelBartmess Use Equation
RPM to Linear Velocity EmilyB Use Equation
RTD Control Equation MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Sallen-Key Unity Gain Low Pass Filter - Transfer Function MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Sallen-Key Unity Gain Low Pass Filter - Transfer Function (f0) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Sallen-Key Unity Gain Low Pass Filter - Transfer Function (R&C) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
SAR Duty Factor TylerJones Use Equation
Scalar Dot Product (In Terms of Components) Billy Use Equation
Scalar dot product of vectors Billy Use Equation
Scalar Multiple of Vector (X Component) Billy Use Equation
Scalar Multiple of Vector (Y Component) Billy Use Equation
Sector Velocity Billy Use Equation
Sellmeier Equation EmilyB Use Equation
Shear Modulus MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Shear Modulus (Complex Fractions) Billy Use Equation
Shear Modulus (Conceptual) Billy Use Equation
Shear Modulus (Simplified) Billy Use Equation
Shear Modulus (with input strain ratio) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Shear Strain Billy Use Equation
Shear Stress Billy Use Equation
Signal-to-Noise (SNR) for SAR (1) TylerJones Use Equation
Signal-to-Noise (SNR) for SAR (2) TylerJones Use Equation
Snell's Law (solved for `n_1` ) TylerJones Use Equation
Snell's Law (solved for `n_2`) TylerJones Use Equation
SNR Gain Due to Azimuth Processing (coherent pulse integration) TylerJones Use Equation
SNR Gain Due to Range Processing (pulse compression) TylerJones Use Equation
Specific Gravity (density) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Specific Gravity (specific weight) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Specific Heat Capacity(with units) Juliet Use Equation
Specific Weight (density) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Speed of a Wave Billy Use Equation
Speed to Overtake by Distance KurtHeckman Use Equation
Speed to Overtake in Time KurtHeckman Use Equation
Stokes-Einstein Diffusion Coefficent MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Straight-Line Elastic Collision Billy Use Equation
Strain (Beam) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Strain (Engineering, Basic Definition) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Strain (Uniaxial) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Stress on Cross Section MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Sum of External Forces Billy Use Equation
Sum of Torques Billy Use Equation
Sum of Torques using Mass, Radius, and Acceleration Billy Use Equation
Tangential Force Billy Use Equation
Target Radar Cross Section (RCS) TylerJones Use Equation
Tensile Strain Billy Use Equation
Tensile Stress Billy Use Equation
Thermal Diffusivity a MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Thermal Fourier Number EmilyB Use Equation
Thermal Stress Carol Use Equation
Time Dilation Carol Use Equation
Time to Overtake KurtHeckman Use Equation
Torque at Angle KurtHeckman Use Equation
Torque Free Ratio of Ellipsoid Spin to Precession MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Torque of Net Force Billy Use Equation
Torsional Constant Billy Use Equation
Total Energy Circular Orbit Billy Use Equation
Total Energy Circular Orbit (Simplified) Billy Use Equation
Total Mechanical Energy Billy Use Equation
Total Mechanical Energy in a Circular Orbit MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Total Mechanical Energy SHM Billy Use Equation
Total Mechanical Energy SHM (Using A) Billy Use Equation
Transmitter Antenna Gain Factor (Monostatic SAR) TylerJones Use Equation
Transverse Velocity of Wave Billy Use Equation
Two-Way Atmospheric Loss Rate Lookup (Radar) TylerJones Use Equation
Undampened Natural Angular Frequency (`omega_0`) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Velocity Center of Mass Billy Use Equation
Velocity from Kinetic Energy vCollections Use Equation
Velocity in SHM Billy Use Equation
Velocity in Terms of Period Billy Use Equation
Velocity of Circular Orbit Billy Use Equation
Velocity of Mass A After Collision Billy Use Equation
Velocity of Mass A Before Collision Billy Use Equation
Velocity of Mass B After Collision Billy Use Equation
Voltage Resolution (Analog to Digital) MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Voltage using Inductance WilliamC Use Equation
Volume Flow Rate Billy Use Equation
Volumetric (Fluid) Flow Rate Jeff Use Equation
Wave Displacement (with f) Billy Use Equation
Wave Displacement (with omega) Billy Use Equation
Wave Equation Billy Use Equation
Wave Number Billy Use Equation
Wavelength of Light vCollections Use Equation
Weber Number MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Weight of Body Above Earth's Surface Billy Use Equation
Work (dot product) WilliamC Use Equation
Work by Constant Torque Billy Use Equation
Work Done by Gravity (2 Fractions) Billy Use Equation
Work done by Kinetic Energy Billy Use Equation
Work Done by Other Forces Billy Use Equation
Work Done on Rotating Rigid Body Billy Use Equation
Work Done on Spring MichaelBartmess Use Equation
Work of Gravity vCollections Use Equation
Work of Gravity (Using Weight) Billy Use Equation
Work of Gravity (With R1 & R2) Billy Use Equation
Work of Gravity (With RE) Billy Use Equation
X Component of Vector Billy Use Equation
x-component of the phasor Billy Use Equation
Y Component of Vector Billy Use Equation
`Deltap=(2h)/L` vCollections Use Equation

Physics Data Items

Age of Universe (estimate) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Boltzmann constant (erg/K) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Boltzmann constant (eV/K) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Boltzmann constant (J/K) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Boltzmann constant (J/K) with Units MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
c (speed of light with units) vCollections Use Data Item
c (speed of light) KurtHeckman Use Data Item
c (speed of light) with units m/s MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Charge of Electron (C) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Charge of Electron (esu) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Charge of Proton (C) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Coulomb's Constant (with Units) Juliet Use Data Item
Density of the Universe MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Faraday constant DavidC Use Data Item
Mass of the Universe MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Milky Way Diameter (upper estimate) KurtHeckman Use Data Item
m_(Neptune) KurtHeckman Use Data Item
Natural Radioactive Decay Rate of a Human MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
R - Gas Constant (SI units) MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Sidereal Day MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Sidereal Year KurtHeckman Use Data Item
Specific Weight of Water (SI) at STP MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Specific Weight of Water (US) at STP MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Speed of Light Squared KurtHeckman Use Data Item
Speed of Sound MichaelBartmess Use Data Item
Wiens Displacement Constant KurtHeckman Use Data Item

Physics Datasets

Physics WikiClips

Angles of Reflection and Refraction Info KurtHeckman

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